Forecasted Changes in Growth Potential, Egg Survival and Thermal Habitat Suitability for Cod Species in the Northwest Atlantic and Eastern Canadian Arctic

Forecasted Changes in Growth Potential, Egg Survival and Thermal Habitat Suitability for Cod Species in the Northwest Atlantic and Eastern Canadian Arctic Polar cod (Boreogadus saida), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), and Greenland cod (Gadus macrocephalus) are prominent gadid species within the northwest Atlantic Ocean in terms of their ecological and socio-economic importance but it is unclear how climate-induced changes in ocean temperature may alter their distributions by the end of the century (2100). We used physiologically based species distribution models to predict how ocean warming will influence the availability of suitable habitat for early life-stages in these marine gadids. We applied CMIP5 ocean temperature projections to egg survival and juvenile growth models for Polar cod, Atlantic cod, and Greenland cod to create predicted suitability raster surfaces for these metrics across four climatology periods (1981–2005, 2026–2050, 2051–2075, 2076–2100). The analysis focused on the projected changes in temperature in ocean shelf areas where ocean depth is ≤400 m. We created an integrated habitat suitability index by combining the suitability surfaces for egg survival and growth potential to predict areas and periods where thermal conditions were suitable for both life stages. The resulting surfaces indicate that suitable thermal habitat for the juvenile life stages of all three species will shift poleward, but the magnitude of the shift and the overall area of thermally suitable habitat remaining will differ across species and life stages through time. Modelled layers are provided in NetCDF format by metric (egg survival, growth potential, habitat suitability). Data layers for Polar cod, Atlantic cod, and Greenland cod are included within each NetCDF file as variables across time. Note that in this study we refer to Gadus macrocephalus/ogac as Greenland cod since Gadus ogac is thought to be a junior synonym of Gadus macrocephalus (Carr et al., 1999). For more details on the methods and results for this analysis see Cote et al. (2021). References: Carr, S. M., Kivlichan, D. S., Pepin, P., & Crutcher, D. C. (1999). Molecular systematics of gadid fishes: implications for the biogeographic origins of Pacific species. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-77-1-19 Cote, D., Konecny, C. A., Seiden, J., Hauser, T., Kristiansen, T., & Laurel, B. J. (2021). Forecasted Shifts in Thermal Habitat for Cod Species in the Northwest Atlantic and Eastern Canadian Arctic. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8(November), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.764072 2023-07-11 Fisheries and Oceans Canada DFO.NLEcologicalSciences-SciencesecologiquesTNL.MPO@dfo-mpo.gc.ca Form DescriptorsNature and EnvironmentScience and Technologypolar codatlantic codgreenland codegg survivaljuvenile growthnorthwest Atlantic Oceanthermal habitat suitabilityHabitatsBiologyFisheries resourcesFisheriesMarine biologyOceans DATA DICTIONARYCSV https://pacgis01.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/FGPPublic/Forecasted_Changes_Habitat_Suitability_Cod_Species_NW_Atlantic_E_Arctic/DataDictionary_DictionnaireDeDonnées_En_Fr.csv DATANetCDF https://pacgis01.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/FGPPublic/Forecasted_Changes_Habitat_Suitability_Cod_Species_NW_Atlantic_E_Arctic/Data_NC_En_Fr.zip Forecasted Changes for Cod Species in the Northwest Atlantic and Eastern Canadian ArcticESRI REST https://gisp.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/arcgis/rest/services/FGP/Forecasted_Changes_Habitat_Suitability_Cod_Species_NW_Atlantic_E_Arctic/MapServer Forecasted Changes for Cod Species in the Northwest Atlantic and Eastern Canadian ArcticESRI REST https://gisp.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/arcgis/rest/services/FGP/Forecasted_Changes_Habitat_Suitability_Cod_Species_NW_Atlantic_E_Arctic/MapServer

Polar cod (Boreogadus saida), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), and Greenland cod (Gadus macrocephalus) are prominent gadid species within the northwest Atlantic Ocean in terms of their ecological and socio-economic importance but it is unclear how climate-induced changes in ocean temperature may alter their distributions by the end of the century (2100). We used physiologically based species distribution models to predict how ocean warming will influence the availability of suitable habitat for early life-stages in these marine gadids. We applied CMIP5 ocean temperature projections to egg survival and juvenile growth models for Polar cod, Atlantic cod, and Greenland cod to create predicted suitability raster surfaces for these metrics across four climatology periods (1981–2005, 2026–2050, 2051–2075, 2076–2100). The analysis focused on the projected changes in temperature in ocean shelf areas where ocean depth is ≤400 m. We created an integrated habitat suitability index by combining the suitability surfaces for egg survival and growth potential to predict areas and periods where thermal conditions were suitable for both life stages. The resulting surfaces indicate that suitable thermal habitat for the juvenile life stages of all three species will shift poleward, but the magnitude of the shift and the overall area of thermally suitable habitat remaining will differ across species and life stages through time. Modelled layers are provided in NetCDF format by metric (egg survival, growth potential, habitat suitability). Data layers for Polar cod, Atlantic cod, and Greenland cod are included within each NetCDF file as variables across time. Note that in this study we refer to Gadus macrocephalus/ogac as Greenland cod since Gadus ogac is thought to be a junior synonym of Gadus macrocephalus (Carr et al., 1999). For more details on the methods and results for this analysis see Cote et al. (2021).

References:

Carr, S. M., Kivlichan, D. S., Pepin, P., & Crutcher, D. C. (1999). Molecular systematics of gadid fishes: implications for the biogeographic origins of Pacific species. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-77-1-19

Cote, D., Konecny, C. A., Seiden, J., Hauser, T., Kristiansen, T., & Laurel, B. J. (2021). Forecasted Shifts in Thermal Habitat for Cod Species in the Northwest Atlantic and Eastern Canadian Arctic. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8(November), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.764072

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Electronic Mail Address: DFO.NLEcologicalSciences-SciencesecologiquesTNL.MPO@dfo-mpo.gc.ca

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