Natural Resources Canada

Poverty, usually measured using income, and poor health are closely related. Income is one of the non-medical determinants of health. For most of the 1990’s, the proportion of Canadians living below the low-income cut-off value increased significantly. The highest incidence values are found in...

Poverty, usually measured using income, and poor health are closely related. Income is one of the non-medical determinants of health. The poor experience the highest rates of illness and premature death. The income measures are for the year 1995 as reported in the 1996 Census. In that year, the...

This map shows the change in old-age dependency ratios from 1991 to 2000. The data was computed for each census division by dividing the 2000 dependency-ratio value by the value for 1991. Census divisions where the dependency ratio is unchanged or has increased during this time period have a...

This map shows the pattern of age-dependency ratio values for census divisions based on 1991 census data. The ratio is measured as the number of people 65 years of age or older for every 100 people of working age (15 to 64 years of age). The geographic distribution shows the predominance of very...

This map shows the pattern of age-dependency ratio values for census divisions based on data collected in 2000. The ratio is measured as the number of people 65 years of age or older for every 100 people of working age (15 to 64 years of age). The geographic distribution shows the predominance of...

The map shows the distribution of Aboriginal peoples early in the seventeenth century before the eastern population dislocations. Ethnohistorical societies are identified on the map by the major linguistic family to which they belong. Ethnohistorical societies are Aboriginal peoples that were...

This map shows the distribution of Aboriginal peoples early in the eighteenth century after a hundred years of Aboriginal-European contact at the time of the French Regime. Ethnohistorical societies are identified on the map by the major linguistic family to which they belong. Ethnohistorical...

This map shows the distribution of Aboriginal peoples at the height of British rule when the Hudson's Bay Company dominated the fur trade. Ethnohistorical societies are identified on the map by the major linguistic family to which they belong. Ethnohistorical societies are Aboriginal peoples that...

The third phase of exploration in what is now Canada consisted of the initial penetration of the St. Lawrence valley. This was initiated by Jacques Cartier in two voyages - 1534 and 1535 to 1536. Bellenger (1583) made a later voyage of exploration extending Cartier's knowledge. The map also shows...

The fourth phase of exploration in what is now Canada consisted of Frobisher's three voyages (1576, 1577 and 1578) and the two voyages of Davis (1586 and 1587) made in search of a northwest passage to Asia. These voyages represented the initial penetration of the Arctic. The map also shows the...

The second phase of exploration of what is now Canada lasted from 1519 to 1533. During that period, explorers charted the Atlantic Coast in search of a western passage to Asia. This map shows the routes of four explorers: Fagundes (1519 to 1526), Verrazzano (1524), Gomes (1525) and Rut (1527)....

In 1741, along the Pacific coast, the first Russian probes reached the Aleutian Islands and the Alaskan mainland. These were the expeditions of Bering (1741) and Chirikov (1741). The map also shows the extent of territory known to Europeans and the navigation of all exploration routes in the...

To the south of what is now Canada, French military expeditions explored and mapped the Ohio River valley in the period 1739 to 1749. These expeditions were led by Le Moyne and Céleron (1739) and Céleron and Bonnécamps (1749). The map also shows the extent of territory known to Europeans and the...

Exploration in the period 1671 to 1686 was dominated by the return of the intendant, Jean Talon, to New France. In order to keep out the English and promote the fur trade to Montréal, he encouraged a series of expeditions, including exploration of the rivers flowing into James Bay. This map shows...

Exploration in the period 1673 to 1688 was dominated by the return of the intendant, Jean Talon, to New France. In order to keep out the English and promote the fur trade to Montréal, he encouraged a series of expeditions. The routes of nine expeditions are shown on this map: Louis Jolliet and...

The period 1691 to 1729 was a time of relative inactivity for exploration in areas of concern to New France and England. The main journeys were out of Louisiana to explore the Mississippi and its tributaries, and, much further north, there were some forays into Hudson Bay conducted or ordered by...

Exploration in the period 1668 to 1689 was initiated by the re-emergence of the English in James Bay. This map shows the routes of seven expeditions into inadequately known areas of Hudson Bay and James Bay: Gillam and Des Groseilliers (1668 to 1669), Bayly and Radisson (1670 and 1671), Bayly...

Between 1651 and 1664, except for a few trader's agents, missionaries were the principal explorers in the lower reaches of some of the major rivers flowing from the north into the St. Lawrence. This map shows the routes of four expeditions: Buteux and Godefroy (1651); Dablon and Druillettes...

In the period 1742 to 1749, the British renewed their search for a northwest passage. Part of this involved exploring the « East Main » – the eastern shore of Hudson and James Bays. Four exploration routes are shown: Middleton (1742), Mitchell and Longland (1744), Moor and Smith (1747) and Coats...

In the period between 1654 and 1670, missionaries were the principal explorers in the Great Lakes area. This map shows expeditions covering all parts of the Great Lakes except for southern Lake Michigan. The six expeditions shown are: Des Groseilliers (1654 to 1656), Des Groseilliers and Radisson...